Direct Potable Reuse: Are We Ready? A Review of Technological, Economic, and Environmental Considerations

Meeting future water demand will require serious consideration of direct potable reuse (DPR) for many agencies. There has been tremendous progress in the technologies needed to address concerns that conventional and novel contaminants pose. Yet, date, only a few relatively small DPR operations have installed. As we get closer point where regulations are finalized investments planned, there is need ask: Are ready? In this Review, explore technological, economic, environmental considerations associated with DPR. particular, focus on status addressing most challenging pollutants, cost estimates DPR, energy implications We find that, although nearly ready critical issue be real-time monitoring number molecules pose distinct challenges advanced treatment trains. addition, consider emergency planning, both terms buffer reservoir(s) planning situations which treated does not meet specifications. Since any train result significant increase embedded energy, it particularly important plan renewable minimize impacts.